Monday, February 11, 2008

Differentiated Instruction and Instru...

Designing Effective Smartboard Lessons: Differentiated Instruction and Instructional Intelligence Meets the SmartBoard




URL to download the Notebook file 

http://www.mediafire.com/file/mimmgujg2mz/DIA and II presentation.notebook 

 






"If a child can not learn the way we teach, then maybe we need to change the way we teach" Ignacio Estrada


"Differentiation is classroom practice that looks eyeball to eyeball with the reality that kids differ, and the most effective teachers do whatever it takes to hook the whole range of kids on learning." Carol Ann Tomlinson

 



Definitions:


  • Differentiated Instruction:  instruction geared toward the varied needs/interests/aptitudes of individual learners 
  • Instructional Intelligence :  the variety of strengths/intelligences the students bring to the learning environment
  • Differentiated Assessment - assessment tools which fit the varied needs of individual learners, providing opportunities which will allow success?
 


Introductions: "Getting to know your class"

Strategy:

Turn to an elbow partner



  • Introduce yourself


  • Where do you teach?


  • What are your goals from this session?


  •  

Introduce your partner to the rest of the group.

Strategy: Dice and Spinner in SmartBoard

 

Where does the class want to go with this session?

What do we need to know about our class?

Strategy:

Brainstorm- on placemats - laminated images the same as on the Smartboard

Uses Dual Screen - placemat on left and student brainstorming on the right

- sort and organize ideas when done

- move best ideas to the left screen-

- Use Placemat or Mind map image

Getting to "Know Your Class"

What are their:



  • Preferred Learning Styles


  • Preferred Teaching styles


  • Multiple Intelligence strenghts and weaknesses


  • Instructional Intelligence Strategies and tactics strengths


  • Differentiated Instruction strategies and tactics used and tried. 

 

Resources Available:



  • Books


  • Internet

Strategy:



  • Gallery Walk,



    • work is posted on wall and students walk from work posted from the group work


    • ideas and or questions are added to the group work results


  •  Book talk


  • 3 Stage Interview



    • Interviewer / Listener/ Recorder


    • Each person takes a turn in the role


    • Record results in Google Docs


    • and/ or on the SmartBoard

 


How can we engage our students in the classroom?

Strategy:




  • Timer and Spinner



    • Numbered heads and Coloured coded groups


  • Think Pair Share  and Placemat


  • Record on SmartBoard



    • Use Dual Screen



      • Graphic on one side and answers on the other side


  • Smart Ideas using Ink Aware Feature



    • a student acts recorder as answers are given from the class

  

Differentiated Instruction

Follow the instructions above but open "Differentiation using the smartboard"

Directions:



  • Find a new Elbow Partner


  • Work through the file and make a list of how you might use some of the activities in the classroom


  • Select which one of you who will present and who will record

 

Basic SmartBoard tools that allow for Differentiated and Instructional Intelligence using the Smartboard

Group Question

Strategy: Think, Pair-  talk to partner and then Share, person who isn't presenting idea comes up and writes on the board

 


What are the different ways the smartboard can be used as an Instructional Tool?




  • as an "interactive" whiteboard



    • writing on it


    • clicking responses


    • revealing hidden text

 



  • like a manipulative



    • moving objects


    • sorting categorizing

 



  • as a viewing surface

 



  • as a demonstration computer before going to the lab

 



  • Demonstration and Interactive tool




      • Example: shared reading

 



  • Interactive 



    • students respond,


    • students try application


    • Allows use of interactive web sites geared to a variety of learning styles

What tools does the SmartBoard have that allow for Differentiated Instruction?



  • Dice
  • Spinner
  • Hide and Reveal
  • Screen Shade
  • Spot Light
  • T-chart Flash files 
  • Graphic Organizers:


    • Venn diagrams


    • Fishbone diagram


    • T Chart


    • Mind Maps


    • Concept Maps


    • Concept Attainment

 

Add-Ons


  • Kagan Group Selector
  • Kagan Timer
  • Student Response Systems

 

Lesson Activity Toolkit

Download the ToolKit

 Directions:


 

Other Resources



  • Web Links


  • Kagan Tools:



    • timer,


    • Group Selector


    • Chips

 

Strategies



  • Walkabouts
  • Choice Boards
  • Four Corners
  • Value Lines
  • Appointment Cards
  • Concept Attainment

 

Layered Curriculum by Kathie F Nunley

Support and Resources: www.Help4Teachers.com

 

What is in a Layer?

C Layer : 

Basic knowledge, understanding.



  • The student builds on his/her current level of core information.   

 

B Layer : 

Application or manipulation of the information learned in the C layer.



  • Problem solving or other higher level thinking tasks can be placed here.

 

A Layer : 

Critical Thinking and Analysis.



  • This layer requires the highest and most complex thought. Create leaders, voters.

Source  

 

Differentiated Instruction

Start Where They are: Differentiating for Success with Young Adults

by Karen Hume

Lesson Sample Media in Grade 8

Essential Question:



  • Why does .........

 

Reflection Strategy:



  • List three aspects....,


  • List two ways....,


  • List one question.....


  • Additional Comments........

 

"Say Something" Activity" 



  • Text Title:________,


  • Informal notes about the text, 


  • My comments and ideas ....... in circle discussion,


  • I would give myself the following level: Level 1, 2, 3, 4 


  • Based on my participation and cooperation 

 

Whole-class brainstorming in response to the Essential Question .......

 

Place Mat Activity

 

Out of class activity related to "Essential Question"

 

Introduction of "Culminating Task"



  • You have been hired by....


  • Teach __ key questions........


  • Model using the key questions in an activity.......



    • Guide students in using the key questions.......


  • Students work in small groups with teacher support


  • Students complete the Reflection Sheet...

 

Divide students into 5 or 6 groups



  • Each student provided with an example of different form of media....



    • Each student visits each of the centers

 

Students complete "Say Something" Activity sheet and "Reflection Strategy" sheet

 

Project / Task



  • Create an .....


  • Do a spoof of ....

 

Culminating Task



  • In groups of 1 to 3 Complete Culminating Task

 

Media Unit Culminating Activity Evaluation




    • Self Evaluation


    • Peer Evaluation

 

Present Culminating Task

 

Reflection and Wrap-up

 

Revisit Anticipation Guide

 

 


                                           













































Traditional Teaching Emerging Teaching
Teacher-directed, memory-focused instruction Student-centered, performance-focused learning
Lockstep, prescribed-path progression Flexible progression with multi-path options
Limited media, single-sense stimulation Media-rich, multi-sensory stimulation
Knowledge from limited, authoritative sources Learner-constructed knowledge from multiple Information sources and experiences
Isolated work on invented exercises Collaborative work on authentic, real- world projects
Mastery of fixed content and specific processes Student engagement in definition, design and management of projects
Factual, literal thinking for competence Creative thinking for innovation and original solution
In-school expertise, content, and activities Global expertise, information, and learning experiences
Stand-alone communication & information tools Converging information and communication skills
Traditional literacy and communication skills Digital literacies and communication skills
Primary focus on school and local community Expanded focus including digital global citizenship
Isolated assessment of learning Integrated assessment for learning

Source:  page 6  National Educational Technology Standards for Students

Second Edition  ISTE

 


 

Focus Questions:



  • What do students need to learn?

 



  • How do we know that they have learned it (before the end of year tests)?

 



  • What are the most effective teaching and learning strategies?

 


                                                         

 

Education / Professional Development

A Whole New World: Why Right- Brainers will rule the World, by Daniel H. Pink, RiverHead Books, N.Y. Copyright 2006, (www.penguin.com) ISBN 1-59448-171-7, Cost 21.00 Canadian

Drawing on the right side of the Brain by Betty Edwards, JP Tarche Inc, Los Angeles, Copyright 1979, ISBN 0-87477-088-2

Breakthrough by Michael Fullan, Peter Hill , Carmel Crevola, Corwin Press and Ontario Principals Council, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-4129-2642-4

Differentiated Instructional Strategies in Practice, Training, Implementation, and Supervision by Gayle H. Gregory, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA, (purchased at Chapters online) Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-7619-3902-4

Digital - Age Literacy for Teachers: Applying Technology Standards to Everyday Practice by Susan Brooks - Young, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (www.iste.org) Copyright 2007, ISBN 979-1-5684-229-9

Even Hockey Players Read: Boys Literacy and Learning by David Booth, Pembroke Publishers, Copyright 2002, ISBN 1-55138-147-8

 

Instructional Strategies

Instructional Strategies for K to 12 Strategies for Teaching by Ottervill Public School Teachers, 2005 - 2006, Kathy Ellis, Wanda Keeling- Walter, Melanie Evens and Cathy Reissner, TVDSB


Instructional Technology

Beyond Hardware: Using Existing Technology to Promote Higher-Level Thinking by Christopher Moersch, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (www.iste.org) Copyright 2002, ISBN 979-1-5684-193 -3

Multiple Intelligence and Instructional Technology (Second Edition) by Walter McKenzie, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (www.iste.org) Copyright 2005, ISBN 1-56484-188-X

 

Internet

Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts and other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms by Will Richardson, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-4129-2767-6

 

Internet Safety

Staying Safe in a Wired World: a Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety by Rob Nickel, Nickel Publishing, Cambridge, ON. Copyright 2006, ISBN 0-9780082-0-0


Saturday, February 9, 2008

Designing Effective Smartboard Lessons

Designing Effective Smartboard Lessons

Differentiated Instruction and Instructional Intelligence Meets the SmartBoard


http://www.internet4classrooms.com/di.htm


"If a child can not learn the way we teach, then maybe we need to change the way we teach"





    • Ignacio Estrada


"Differentiation is classroom practice that looks eyeball to eyeball with the reality that kids differ, and the most effective teachers do whatever it takes to hook the whole range of kids on learning."





    • Carol Ann Tomlinson


"They may even begin to realize that school is for the students, not the teacher."





    • page 35 of Kathie Nunley's Layered Curriculum 2nd Edition:



 


" I was just a warm body with a degree standing in front of the classroom."




    • Barrie Bennett


 




Workshop Agenda






  • Post the Agenda and resources prior to the class


  • Introduction



    • Four Corners



      • Go to the picture that  you..........

 




  • Take picture of fellow participant

 








      • Link new pages to the images


      • Add Buttons to help navigation

 


 




  • State Goals of the workshop



    • Instructor

    • What are your goals for the workshop


      • Smart Ideas- write your goal(s) for the workshop on the SmartBoard


      • analyze the groups goals


      • Sort


      • Discuss


      • Placemat



 




  • Elements of a Well Designed Lesson using Notebook Software



    • Smart Ideas



      • Brainstorming



        • Ink Aware


        • Layers


    • Handouts on table



      • Handouts posted to Handout Directory: White: SmartBoard: Feb9th folder


    • Teachers create an e-mail and then attach the files BUT NOT SEND



      • Explain that you can use First Class as a portable hard drive

 




  • Find a lesson



    • LOR


    • SmartActive Conference



      • First Class/ Teacher Center/ SmartActive Copnference


    • SmartTech


 



 


 





  • Take pictures of your partner or group members



    • Connect camera to computer via USB cable

 




  • Transfer files to folder in Handout Folder



    • White/SmartBoard/Digital Pics

 





  • Open Irfanview from General Folder



    • Handout/White/Smartboard/Digital pics




  • In Irfanview



    • Select Image from top Menu Bar



      • Resize Picture


  • Select File



    • Save As with a new name



      • Save to Handout/White/SmartBoard/ Digital Pics

 



Open Notebook Software





    • Select Insert from Top Menu Bar



      • Insert Image from File


      • Resize image if neccessary


    • Add new pages

 




  • Demonstrate how to Attach a file from Handout Folder to a First Class Message




      • Teachers Explore Handout Folder


      • Explore the structure of the folder


      • Folder set up like a filing cabinet

 



  • Create a lesson using the Notebook tools


    •  Work in Groups


    • Bring pictures into Notebook Software



      • Add pages


      • Add links from the pictures to separate pages


      • Add buttons or links to bring you back to the base page

 




  • Reflections



 


Background and Glossary


Definitions:



  • Differentiated Instruction:  instruction geared toward the varied needs/interests/aptitudes of individual learners 
  • Instructional Intelligence :  the variety of strengths/intelligences the students bring to the learning environment
  • Differentiated Assessment - assessment tools which fit the varied needs of individual learners, providing opportunities which will allow success?

 


Other Terms




  • Backward Design: Start with the end in mind,  the desired results (goals or standards) - and then derives the curriculum from the evidence of learning (performances) called for by the standard and the teaching needed to equip students to perform'


  •  

 


How can we engage our students in the classroom?




  •  


  •  



  •  



  •  



What are the different ways the smartboard can be used as an Instructional Tool?





  •  



  • as an "interactive" whiteboard




    • writing on it



    • clicking responses



    • revealing hidden text


 




  • like a manipulative




    • moving objects



    • sorting categorizing


 




  • as a viewing surface


 




  • as a demonstration computer before going to the lab


 




  • Demonstration and Interactive tool





      • Example: shared reading


 




  • Interactive 




    • students respond,


    • students try application


    • Allows use of interactive web sites geared to a variety of learning styles



    •  



What tools does the SmartBoard have that allow for Differentiated Instruction?



  • Dice
  • Spinner
  • Hide and Reveal
  • Screen Shade
  • Spot Light
  • T-chart Flash files 
  • Graphic Organizers:


    • Venn diagrams


    • Fishbone diagram


    • T Chart


    • Mind Maps


    • Concept Maps


    • Concept Attainment

 


Add-Ons




  •  


  •  


  •  

 


Resources




  • Web Links


  • Kagan Tools:



    • timer,


    • Group Selector


    • Chips

 


Strategies



  • Walkabouts
  • Choice Boards
  • Four Corners
  • Value Lines
  • Appointment Cards
  • Concept Attainment

 


Layered Curriculum by Kathie F Nunley


Support and Resources: www.Help4Teachers.com


 


What is in a Layer?


C Layer : :
Basic knowledge, understanding.




  • The student builds on his/her current level of core information.   

 


B Layer : :
Application or manipulation of the information learned in the C layer.




  • Problem solving or other higher level thinking tasks can be placed here.

 


A Layer : :
Critical Thinking and Analysis.




  • This layer requires the highest and most complex thought. Create leaders, voters.

Source  


 


Differentiated Instruction


Start Where They are: Differentiating for Success with Young Adults by Karen Hume


Lesson Sample Media in Grade 8


 


Essential Question:




  • Why does .........

 


Reflection Strategy:




  • List three aspects....,


  • List two ways....,


  • List one question.....


  • Additional Comments........

 


"Say Something" Activity" 




  • Text Title:________,


  • Informal notes about the text, 


  • My comments and ideas ....... in circle discussion,


  • I would give myself the following level: Level 1, 2, 3, 4 


  • Based on my participation and cooperation 

 


Whole-class brainstorming in response to the Essential Question .......


 


Place Mat Activity


 


Out of class activity related to "Essential Question"


 


Introduction of "Culminating Task"




  • You have been hired by....


  • Teach __ key questions........


  • Model using the key questions in an activity.......



    • Guide students in using the key questions.......


  • Students work in small groups with teacher support


  • Students complete the Reflection Sheet...

 


Divide students into 5 or 6 groups




  • Each student provided with an example of different form of media....



    • Each student visits each of the centers

 


Students complete "Say Something" Activity sheet and "Reflection Strategy" sheet


 


Project / Task




  • Create an .....


  • Do a spoof of ....

 


Culminating Task




  • In groups of 1 to 3 Complete Culminating Task

 


Media Unit Culminating Activity Evaluation





    • Self Evaluation


    • Peer Evaluation

 


Present Culminating Task


 


Reflection and Wrap-up


 


Revisit Anticipation Guide


 


Backward Design


The design process involves teachers planning in 3 stages, each with a focusing question:



  • Stage 1 - What is worthy and requiring of understanding?
  • Stage 2 - What is evidence of understanding?
  • Stage 3 - What learning experiences and teaching promote understanding, interest and excellence?

 


Elements of a Effective Lesson Plan 


 


1) Anticipatory Set -





    • A short activity, dispatch or prompt that focuses the students' attention and ties previous lessons to today's lesson.

2) Purpose -





    • An explanation of the importance of this lesson and a statement concerning what students will be able to do when they have completed it.

3) Input -





    • The vocabulary, skills, and concepts to be learned.

4) Modeling -





    • The teacher demonstrates what is to be learned

5) Guided Practice -





    • The teacher leads the students through the steps necessary to perform the skill using multiple modalities.

6) Checking For Understanding -





    • The teacher uses a variety of questioning strategies to determine if the students are understanding.

7) Independent Practice -





    • The teacher releases students to practice on their own.

8) Closure -





    • A review or wrap-up of the lesson.

 


Dr. Madeline Hunter's research indicates that effective teachers usually include the following elements in their lessons.


http://www.csun.edu/science/ref/plans/lesson_design_hunter.html


 


21 st Century Teachers


                                           














































Traditional TeachingEmerging Teaching
Teacher-directed, memory-focused instruction Student-centered, performance-focused learning
Lockstep, prescribed-path progressionFlexible progression with multi-path options
Limited media, single-sense stimulation Media-rich, multi-sensory stimulation
Knowledge from limited, authoritative sources Learner-constructed knowledge from multiple Information sources and experiences
Isolated work on invented exercises Collaborative work on authentic, real- world projects
Mastery of fixed content and specific processes Student engagement in definition, design and management of projects
Factual, literal thinking for competenceCreative thinking for innovation and original solution
In-school expertise, content, and activities Global expertise, information, and learning experiences
Stand-alone communication & information tools Converging information and communication skills
Traditional literacy and communication skills Digital literacies and communication skills
Primary focus on school and local community Expanded focus including digital global citizenship
Isolated assessment of learning Integrated assessment for learning

Source:


page 6


National Educational Technology Standards for Students


Second Edition


ISTE


 



 


Focus Questions:




  • What do students need to learn?

 




  • How do we know that they have learned it (before the end of year tests)?

 




  • What are the most effective teaching and learning strategies?

 



 


Multiple Intelligence


 



Types of Teachers



  • Gourmet Omnivore


  • Active Consumers


  • Passive Consumer


  • Reticent Consumer

 


Types of Thinking


1. Critical thinking -



  • This is convergent thinking. It assesses the worth and validity of something existent. It involves precise, persistent, objective analysis. When teachers try to get several learners to think convergently, they try to help them develop common understanding.

2. Creative thinking -



  • This is divergent thinking. It generates something new or different. It involves having a different idea that works as well or better than previous ideas.

3. Convergent thinking -



  • This type of thinking is cognitive processing of information around a common point, an attempt to bring thoughts from different directions into a union or common conclusion.

4. Divergent thinking -



  • This type of thinking starts from a common point and moves outward into a variety of perspectives. When fostering divergent thinking, teachers use the content as a vehicle to prompt diverse or unique thinking among students rather than a common view.

5. Inductive thinking -



  • This is the process of reasoning from parts to the whole, from examples to generalizations.

6. Deductive thinking - T



  • his type of reasoning moves from the whole to its parts, from generalizations to underlying concepts to examples.

7. Closed questions -



  • These are questions asked by teachers that have predictable responses. Closed questions almost always require factual recall rather than higher levels of thinking.

8. Open questions -



  • These are questions that do not have predictable answers. Open questions almost always require higher order thinking.

 


Levels of Thinking


 


Level 1: Recall/ Knowledge - exhibits previously learned material by recalling facts, terms, basic concepts and answers.


Key words: who, what, when, omit, where, which, choose, find, how, define, label, show, spell, list, match, name, relate, tell, recall, select


Questions:



  • What is . . . ? How is . . . ?
  • Where is . . . ? When did _______ happen?
  • How did ______ happen? How would you explain . . . ?
  • How would you describe . . . ?
  • When did . . . ? Can you recall . . . ?
  • How would you show . . . ? Can you select . . . ?
  • Who were the main . . . ? Can you list three . . . ?
  • Which one . . . ? Who was . . . ?

 





Level 2: Comprehension - demonstrating understanding of facts and ideas by organizing, comparing, translating, interpreting, giving descriptions and stating main ideas.


 


Key words: compare, contrast, demonstrate, interpret, explain, extend, illustrate, infer, outline, relate, rephrase, translate, summarize, show, classify


Questions:



  • How would you classify the type of . . . ?
  • How would you compare . . . ? contrast . . . ?
  • Will you state or interpret in your own words . . . ?
  • How would you rephrase the meaning . . . ?
  • What facts or ideas show . . . ?
  • Which statements support . . . ?
  • What is the main idea of . . . ? What can you say about . . . ?
  • Can you explain what is happening . . . what is meant . . .?
  • Which is the best answer . . . ?
  • How would you summarize . . . ?

 





Level 3: Application - solving problems by applying acquired knowledge, facts, techniques and rules in a different way.


 


Key words: apply, build, choose, construct, develop, interview, make use of, organize, experiment with, plan, select, solve, utilize, model, identify


Questions:



  • What examples can you find to . . . ?
  • How would you solve ______ using what you have learned ... ?
  • How would you organize _______ to show . . . ?
  • How would you show your understanding of . . . ?
  • How would you apply what you learned to develop . . . ?
  • What would result if . . . ?
  • Can you make use of the facts to . . . ?
  • What elements would you choose to change . . . ?
  • What facts would you select to show . . . ?
  • What questions would you ask in an interview with . . . ?

 





Level 4: Analysis - examining and breaking information into parts by identifying motives or causes; making inferences and finding evidence to support generalizations.


 


Key words: analyze, categorize, compare, contrast, discover, dissect, divide, examine, inspect, simplify, survey, take part in, test for, distinguish, list, distinction, theme, relationships, function, motive, inference, assumption, conclusion.


Questions:



  • What are the key parts or features of . . . ?
  • How is _______ related to . . . ?
  • Why do you think . . . ? What is the theme . . . ?
  • What motive is there . . . ?
  • What conclusions can you draw . . . ?
  • How would you classify / categorize . . . ?
  • What evidence can you find . . . ?
  • What is the relationship between . . . ?
  • Can you make a distinction between . . . ?
  • What is the function of . . . ? What ideas justify . . . ?

 





 


Level 5: Evaluation - presenting and defending opinions by making judgments about information, validity of ideas or quality of work based on a set of criteria.


Key Words: award, choose, conclude, criticize, decide, defend, determine, dispute, evaluate, judge, justify, measure, compare, mark, rate, recommend, rule on, select, agree, interpret, explain, appraise, prioritize, opinion, ,support, importance, criteria, prove, disprove, assess, influence, perceive, value, estimate, influence, deduct


Questions:



  • Do you agree with the actions . . . ? with the outcomes . . . ?
  • What is your opinion of . . . ?
  • How would you prove . . . ? disprove . . . ?
  • Can you assess the value or importance of . . . ?
  • Would it be better if . . . ?
  • Why did they (the person or the character) choose . . . ?
  • What would you recommend . . . ?
  • How would you rate the . . . ?
  • What would you cite to defend the actions . . . ?
  • How would you evaluate . . . ?
  • How could you determine . . . ?
  • What choice would you have made . . . ?
  • What would you select . . . ?
  • How would you prioritize . . . ?
  • What judgment would you make about . . . ?
  • Based on what you know, how would you explain . . . ?
  • What information would you use to support the view . . . ?
  • How would you justify . . . ?
  • What data was used to make the conclusion . . . ?
  • Why was it better that . . . ?
  • How would you prioritize the facts . . . ?
  • How would you compare the ideas . . . ? people . . . ? 







 





 


Level 6: Synthesis - compiling information together in a different way by combining elements in a new pattern or proposing alternative solutions.


 


Key Words: build, choose, combine, compile, compose, construct, create, design, develop, estimate, formulate, imagine, invent, make up, originate, plan, predict, propose, solve, solution, suppose, discuss, modify, change, original, improve, adapt, minimize, maximize, delete, theorize, elaborate, test, improve, happen, change


Questions:



  • What would happen if . . . ?
  • Can you elaborate on the reason . . . ?
  • Can you propose an alternative . . . ?
  • What could be combined to improve (change) . . . ?
  • Can you formulate a theory for . . . ?
  • Can you predict the outcome if . . . ?
  • What facts can you compile . . . ?
  • Can you construct a model that would change . . . ?
  • Can you think of an original way for the . . . ? 

 


 Instructional Methods








What are instructional methods?

Instructional methods are ways that information is presented to students. Such methods fall into two categories: teacher-centered approaches and student- centered approaches. There is not one "best" approach to instruction. Some goals are better suited to teacher-centered approaches while others clearly need student-centered approaches (Shuell, 1996). Teacher-centered instruction has been criticized as ineffective and grounded in behaviorism; (Marshall 1992, Stoddard, Connell, Stgofflett, and Peck 1993) however, this is not the case if delivered effectively (Eggen & Kauchak, 2001). Let's take a closer look at these approaches.


 


 

















Teacher-centered Approaches Teacher-centered approaches include instruction where the teacher's role is to present the information that is to be learned and to direct the learning process of students (Shuell, 1996). The teacher identifies the lesson objectives and takes the primary responsibility for guiding the instruction by explanation of the information and modeling. This is followed by student practice. Methods that fall into the teacher-centered approaches include demonstration, direct instruction, lecture and lecture-discussions.


Demonstration
Demonstration involves the teacher showing students a process or procedure such a science process, a cooking procedure or a computer procedure. Involving students in demonstrations allow this method to be less passive.


Direct Instruction

Direct Instruction is used to help students learn concepts and skills. There are various models of Direct Instruction but all include similar steps: 1) intro & review, 2) presentation of new information, 3) guided practice, 4) independent practice.



Lecture

Lecture is the most criticized of all teaching methods AND the most commonly used because 1) planning time is limited, 2) lectures are flexible and can be applied to any content and 3) lectures are simple. The most critical fact about lecture is that it puts students in a passive role.


Lecture-Discussions
Lecture-discussion is a combination of lecture and teacher questioning of students.


 


 












































Learner-centered ApproachesGrounded in constructivism, learner-centered approaches involve instruction where the teacher is a facilitator (or guide) as the learners construct their own understandings. There are a number of methods in this category that are listed and explained below.


Case Studies
Case studies involve groups of students working together to analyze a "case" that has been written on a particular situation or problem to find a solution. Case studies allow students to apply new knowledge and skills for solving complex issues. This method is not appropriate for use with elementary students. The case study is completed by discussion of the case, allowing learners to debate their conclusions.


Cooperative Learning

Cooperative learning involves small heterogeneous student groups working together to solve a problem or complete a task. All students in the group must actively participate with each student maintaining some independence. The success of the group depends on the input of each individual. This teaching method promotes active participation, individual accountability, students' ability to work cooperatively and improvement of social skills.


Discussion/Discussion Boards

Designed to encourage thinking skills, discussion allows learners to increase interpersonal skills. Discussions may occur in the classroom or online. One way to implement discussions with twenty-first century students is to use discussion boards. Previously referred to as "bulletin boards" or "message boards", these areas are places where a question can be posted by the teacher and students may post "threads" (comments to the question) asynchronously (at various times). Discussion boards vary in participation and good discussion may result from the expertise of the facilitator. Incentives (bonus points) may be needed to motivate all students and rules must be made clear. See more information about using discussion boards. Course management software such as Blackboard have built in a discussion board feature making it quite easy to implement.


Discovery Learning

Discovery learning is an inquiry-based learning method in which learners use prior knowledge and experience to discover new information that they use to construct learning. This method is the most successful if the student has some prerequisite knowledge and the experience is structured (Roblyer, Edwards, and Havriluk, 1997).


Graphic Organizers

Graphic Organizers are found in the form of diagrams, maps and webs and illustrate information in a graphical format. Diagrams may be drawn by hand or designed on the computer with programs such as Inspiration (grades 6-12) or Kidspiration (grades K-5). This strategy/tool can be used when brainstorming ideas, analyzing stories, analyzing characters, comparing and contrasting information, storyboarding (planning projects) prewriting during the writing process and breaking down concepts to show the relationships with parts (such a the parts of a cell). These graphical representations of information have been found to make information easier to learn and understand, especially complex information (Dye, 2000). Further, using visual learning strategies have been found to be effective with struggling learners (Bulgren, Schumaker & Deschler, 1998; Gardill & Jitendra, 1999 cited in O'Bannon and Puckett, 2007).


Journals/Blogs

Journals are often used in classrooms to allow students to record reflections and ideas. Typically written in a notebook and recorded each day, the journal serves as a method of communication between the student and the teacher. A blog is short for web log and is simply an online journal or diary versus it's more traditional "notebook" cousin. A new method for reflective writing, blogs can be used to share ideas and/or thoughts on various subjects. These reflections and ideas may be private or public. Blogs are considered great motivators for student writing and offer a novel way for students to engage in reflective writing and sharing information on classroom topics. Read more about using blogs.


K-W-L (Ogle, 1986)

Know - What to Know - Learned is a strategy that is typically used to provide structure to the learning process to allow students to recall what they know about a topic, what they want to know about the topic and what is to be learned. This strategy allows students to become actively involved in their learning. Generally, a chart is created on the board, overhead or hand-out. Students fill in the Know column before they begin their study. The fill in the Want to Know column with all of the information that they want to learn about the topic. After the study, they complete the Learned column with their new knowledge. Find more about K-W-L. An online generator of K-W-L charts can be found at http://www.teachnology.com/web_tools/graphic_org/kwl/


Learning Centers


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Learning Centers are self contained areas where students work independently or with small groups (pairs or triads) to complete a task. Centers may take the form of chairs placed around a table for group discussion, display boards that present questions/problems/worksheets, or computer/computers where students perform hands-on activities or research on the web.


Role-Play

Role-play deals with solving problems through action. A problem is identified, acted out and discussed. The role-play process provides students with an opportunity to 1) explore their feelings, 2) gain insight about their attitudes,and 3) increase problem solving skills.


Scaffolding

Scaffolding, involves the teacher modeling the skill and thinking for the student. As the student increases understanding, the teacher withdraws the assistance allowing the student to take on more responsibility for the learning.


Problem-Based Learning (PBL) & Inquiry Learning




Problem-Based Learning & Inquiry involves teacher giving the student a problem where inquiry must be utilized to solve the problem. There are commonly four steps in this model: 1) student receives the problem, 2) student gathers data, 3) student organizes data and attempts an explanation to the problem, and 4) students analyze the strategies they used to solve the problem.


A well known and highly successful inquiry-based strategy is WebQuests, developed by Dr. Bernie Dodge at San Diego University. This technique requires that answers to the problem in the Quest be drawn from the web. Read more about WebQuests.




Simulations

Simulations are used to put the student in a "real" situation without taking the risks. Simulations are meant to be as realistic as possible where students are able to experience consequences of their behavior and decisions. Simulations are commonly used in social studies and science but can be used in other curriculum areas. Computer simulations are quite common in today's virtual world. One example is "dissecting a frog" using the computer.


Storytelling / Digital storytelling


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A great way to strengthen communication skills is to get students involved in creating multimedia stories. Topics can range from biographical stories with photo collections from family archives to community mapping projects, virtual field trips within the community, or more complex stories created by older students. These digital stories can be planned, storyboarded and produced using slide show software such as PowerPoint or video editing software such as Imovie. This strategy has become quite the rage in recent years with students loving the active learning


 


 


Outsmarting IQ


Experience



  • - to develop patterns

Reflection



  • - to identify, create and connect patterns

Strategies



  • - to respond to the patterns

Enough Neurons



  • - to function normally, Intelligence is "learn-able"

 


Classroom Strategies 


 


* Workshop/ Classroom Norms Example: respecting yourself and others , respecting the ideas of others  


* Workshop or Classroom Expectations: guidelines, rules, procedures agreed to and abided by everyone


Examples: Begin and end on time, Respect the learning environment, Honor the professionalism of your colleagues participate actively in the learning


 


* Strategy Chart - Example: what the strategy and what does it look like, what was the response ...


 


* Time Clues – How much time, “Wrap it up warning” * Use SmartBoard Timer


 



  • Ongoing Reflection Sheet and “Golden Nuggets”

 


* Teachable Point of View – “Teachable Moments” related to a situation in the classroom


 



  • Movement – moving around to help teachers or students keep focused, Acting out a point of view or idea

 


* Jigsaw – you are a piece of the puzzle, and a piece of the information like a chain


 



  • Expert Panel – your are the expert on a given piece

 


* Ink Time – writing time, write down what you have learned


 


* Cloze – what are the missing pieces or words


 



  • Give On and Get One – sharing ideas, a carousel like activity, meet different people to share ideas

  • Expert Teaching

 


* Graphing- visualize info and sorting and organizing data


 


* Readiness Profile – checking to see where you are



  • Video Clip: Viewing / Jotting To help Focused the Viewing and learning

 


* Highlighting - what is important


 


* Consulting Line – Think/ Pair / Share,


* Pre-Reading / Pre- Assessment- Where are you at?


 


* Identifying - focusing task


 


* Matching



  • Jigsaw: People

 


* Jigsaw- Puzzle - putting all the pieces together


 


* Revise Teachable Point of View


 


* Individual Whiteboards



  • Pathfinding

 


* Graffiti Boards Example: Parking Lot


 


* Brainstorming / Discussion


 


* Manipulative / Models (hands on)


 


* Graphic Organizers: Example: Placemats, Venn Diagrams


 


* Mnemonic Devices - creating hooks for info


 


* Drawings/ Art works to show idea or point of view



  • Writing or Journaling - predicting or reflecting
    * Concept Attainment – testing knowledge or learning

 


* Case Studies


 


* If Statements: ….. If …. Then…


 


* Similes and Metaphors: Info in new situations


* Reflections and Next Steps


* Appointment Schedule - meet and discuss ideas with others


 


* Gap Analysis – looking for strengths, weaknesses or missing pieces Instructional Intelligence



  • "Teaching is not an Either Or issue.
  • It is not phonetics or whole language or constructivist or behaviourist;
  • it is about what works with particular students; often it is a bit of many approaches that makes the difference." (Bennett, 2002)

 


Instructional Intelligence is the integration of content knowledge, assessment, knowledge of how we


learn, instructional repertoires, personal/professional change and systemic change.


 


Instructional Strategies


Examples: Jigsaw Mind Mapping Concept Mapping Cooperative Learning Models Concept Attainment


 


Instructional Tactics


Examples: Think/Pair/Share Place Mat Graffiti PMI Value Lines Fish Bone


 


Instructional Skills


Examples: Framing Questions Wait Time Checking for Understanding Linking to Past Experiences Providing Models Responding to Learners


 


The 21st Century Learner



  • MI theory, learning styles, brain theory and educational research
  • Rise of ADHD and Autism Rapid growth in and increased use of technology
  • Learners are changing and becoming more diverse
  • Recognition of diversity Learner at the centre of everything we do
  • Instructional Intelligence provides us with one way we can begin to think more scientifically and creatively about how we respond to these issues.

 


Digital Photography: Using the Digital Camera in the Classroom


 


Adobe Photoshop Elements : a visual introduction to digital imaging


 


 


by Philip Andrews, Focus Press, 2002, ISBN 0-240-51686-9


An advanced Guide to Digital Photography


 


 


by Vincent Oliver, AVA Publishing, 2005, ISBN 2-88479-052-7


Award Winning Digital Photography Projects for the Classroom


by Arnie Abrams, Visions Technology in Education, Eugene, OR, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-58912-464-2 (www.toolsforteachers.com)


Beginner’s Guide to Adobe Photoshop Elements: Easy lessons for rapid learning and success


 


 


by Michelle Perkins, Amherst Media, 2004, ISBN 1-58428-138-3


Digital Photography: a no-nonsense, jargon free guide for beginners


 


 


, by Steve Bavister, Colins & Brown, 2000, ISBN 1-85585-781-2


Digital Zoom Camera Handbook


 


 


by Rob Sheppard., Lark books, 2005, ISBN 1-57990-653-2


Digital Photography


 


 


2nd edition, by Erica Sadun, Sybex Press, 2000, ISBN 0-7821-2965-X CD included


Digital Photography in the Classroom


 


 


by Lynn Van Gorp, Teacher Created Materials, 2001,ISBN 0-7439-3601-9 (CD included)


Digital Photography field book


 


 


, by Cynthia L Brown, and Daniel Peck, Peachpit Press, 2005, ISBN 0-321-22054-4


Digital Photography Workshop for Teachers:


Janet Cauglin Workshop Book Series, Tom Synder Productions , Scholastic Company, (


 


 


www.tomsnyder.com), Copyright 2004, ISBN 1-59009-931-1


Digital Darkroom Vol 1,


 


 


Henry’s School of Imaging, Instructional Guide to Enhancing Digital Pictures using Adobe Photoshop Elements 3


Digital Darkroom


 


Vol 2


, Henry’s School of Imaging, Instructional Guide to Enhancing Digital Pictures using Adobe Photoshop Elements 3


Digital Photography for Dummies


 


 


, Julie Adair King, IDG Books, 1997, ISBN 0-7645-0294-8 (CD included)


 


How to Keep a Sketchbook Journal


 


 


by Claudia Nice, Northern Lights Books, Cincinnati, Ohio (


 


 


www.nlbooks.com), Copyright 2001, ISBN 1-518180-044-4


Making a Movie with Windows XP: visual quickproject guide


,


by Jan Ozer, Peachpit Press, 2005, ISBN 0-321-27845-3


Photoshop Elements


 


 


(Version 5) by Linda Dickerson, CLICKstep Training for Education, FTC Publishing,


Photography for Dummies


 


 


by Russell Hart, 1988, IDG Books, ISBN 0-7645-5065-9


Photoshop Elements


 


 


: (Version 3 including Version 2) by Linda Dickeson, ClickStep Teacher Training Series, FTC Publishing Group, ISBN (CD included)


Teaching with Digital Images


 


by Glen L. Bull and Lynn Bell editors, International Society for Technology in Education, ISBN 1-56484-219-3 (CD included)


The Photoshop Elements Book for Digital Photographers


 


 


by Scott Kelby, New Riders Publishing, 2004, ISBN 0-7357-1392-8


The Photographer’s Handbook


 


3rd Edition by John Hedgecoes, Kindersley Book, 1992, ISBN 0-679-74204-2


Visual Literacy: a conceptual approach to graphic problem solving


 


 


, Judith Wilde, Richard Wilde, Watson, Guptill Publications, 1991, ISBN 0-8230-5620-1


 






























Graphic Organizers - Resource List


 


 


 


Concept Mapping Companion:


second edition by L. A Ditson, R. Kessler, L. Anderson-Inman, & D. Mafit, International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), Eugene, Oregon, 2001, ISBN 1-56484-167-7 Cost $38.95 American funds


How to Mind Map by Tony Buzan, Thorsons Press, London England or Thosons Element.com , 2002, ISBN 0-00-714684-1 Cost $17.95


Mapping Inner Space: Learning and teaching visual Mapping by Nancy Margulies, Nusa Maal, Zephyr Press, Chicago, 2002, ISBN 1-56976-138-8 Cost: $49.95 list price


Mind Mapping for Kids : the short cut to success at school


, by Tony Buzan,


Thorsons Press, London England or ThosonsElement.com , 2003, ISBN 0-00-715133-0 Cost $29.95


The Ultimate book of Mind Maps:unlock your creativity, boost your memory, change your life


by Tony Buzan, Thorsons Press, London England or ThosonsElement.com , 2005 ISBN 0-00-721291-7 Cost $29.95


Writing and Graphic Organizers


Structure Writing using Inspiration Software to teach Paragraph Development


by C. Haynes, K. McMurdo, International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), Eugene, Oregon, 2001, ISBN 1-56484-171-5 Cost: $30.00?


 


Graphic Novels


Big Fat Lit Little, Puffin Books,


 


 


Edited by Art Spiegelman, and Francoise Mouly, New York, New York, (


www.little.lit.com Or www.penguin.com/youngreaders) ISBN 0-14-240706-2, Copyright 2003, Cost $19.50


Babymouse Queen of the World


 


 


, by Jennifer L. Holm and Matthew Holm, Random House, New York, Copyright 2005, ISBN 0-375-83229-7 Cost 7.95


Character Design for Graphic Novels


 


 


, by Steven Withrow and Alexander Danner, Focus Press, Amsterdam, ISBN 0-240-80902-5, Copyright 2007, Cost 39.95 US


Comics and Sequential Art


 


 


by Will Eisner, Poorhouse Press, Paramus, N.J., Copyright 2006, ISBN 0-9614728-1-2, Cost 29.50 Canadian


Don’t Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus


 


 


, by Mo Willems, Hyperion Books for Children, New York, Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-7868-1988-X Cost 18.99 Canadian


The Dot


 


 


, by Peter H Reynolds, Candlewick Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 0-7632-1961-2 Copyright 2003, Cost $21.00


Ish


 


 


, by Peter H Reynolds, Candlewick Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, ISBN 07632344-X Copyright 2004, Cost $21.00


Johnny Mutton, He’s so Him,


by James Proimos, HartCourt Press (


www.HartcourtBooks.com) Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-15-216766-8 Cost 5.95 Canada


Letters from a Desperate Dogs


 


 


, by Eileen Christelow, Clarion Books, Houghton Mufflin Company, New York, Copyright 2006, Cost 21.95 Canadian


Leave it to Chance: Monster Madness and other stories


 


 


, by James Robinson, Paul Smith, George Freeman, Jeremy Cox, Image Comics, Orange, CA, Copyright 2003, ISBN 1-58240-298-1


No David


 


 


, by David Shannon, The Blue Sky Press, Scholastic (


www.scholastic.com) New York, New York, Copyright 1998, ISBN 0-590-93002-8 Cost $19.99


Owly: The Way Home and The Bittersweet Summer,


 


 


by Andy Runton, Top Shelf Productions (www.topshelfcomix.com) Copyright 2004, ISBN 1-891830-62-7 Cost 10.00


Pride of Baghdad


 


 


by Brian K Vaughan and Niko Henrichon,


DC Comics, New York, www.vertigocomic.com, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-4012-0314-0 Cost 26.95 Canadian


Stone Soup,


 


 


by Marcia Brown, Aladdin Paperbacks, Simon and Schuster, New York, (


www.SimonSaysKids.com) Copyright 1975, ISBN 780689878367, Cost 6.99


The Sleeping Beauty


 


 


, by told by C.S. Evans and illustrated by Arthur Rackham, Chancellor Press, London,W1, Copyright 1987, ISBN 1-85152-056-2


 


Other Books


Alphabet Books


K is for Keystone: a Pennsylvania Alphabet


 


 


, written by Kristen Kane and illustrated by Laura Knorr, Sleeping Bear Press, Gale Group, Copyright 2003, ISBN 1-58536-104-6, Cost 21.95 Canadian


Picture Puzzles


Life Picture Puzzle


 


 


(The Original Picture Puzzle) editor Mark Adams, Vol 7 No 2, 2007, ISBN 1-933821-96-5 Cost 15.99 Canadian


 


Education / Professional Development


A Whole New World: Why Right- Brainers will rule the World


 


 


, by Daniel H. Pink, RiverHead Books, N.Y. Copyright 2006, (www.penguin.com) ISBN 1-59448-171-7, Cost 21.00 Canadian


Drawing on the right side of the Brain


 


 


by Betty Edwards, JP Tarche Inc, Los Angeles, Copyright 1979, ISBN 0-87477-088-2


Breakthrough


 


 


by Michael Fullan, Peter Hill , Carmel Crevola, Corwin Press and Ontario Principals Council, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-4129-2642-4


Differentiated Instructional Strategies in Practice, Training, Implementation, and Supervision


 


 


by Gayle H. Gregory, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA, (purchased at Chapters online) Copyright 2003, ISBN 0-7619-3902-4


Digital - Age Literacy for Teachers: Applying Technology Standards to Everyday Practice


 


 


by Susan Brooks - Young, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (


www.iste.org) Copyright 2007, ISBN 979-1-5684-229-9


Even Hockey Players Read: Boys Literacy and Learning


 


by David Booth, Pembroke Publishers, Copyright 2002, ISBN 1-55138-147-8


 


 


 


 


 


 


Instructional Strategies


Instructional Strategies for K to 12 Strategies for Teaching


 


 


by Ottervill Public School Teachers, 2005 - 2006, Kathy Ellis, Wanda Keeling- Walter, Melanie Evens and Cathy Reissner, TVDSB


Instructional Technology


Beyond Hardware: Using Existing Technology to Promote Higher-Level Thinking


 


 


by Christopher Moersch, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (


www.iste.org) Copyright 2002, ISBN 979-1-5684-193 -3


Multiple Intelligence and Instructional Technology


 


 


(Second Edition) by Walter McKenzie, ISTE Publications, Eugene, Oregon, (


www.iste.org) Copyright 2005, ISBN 1-56484-188-X


 


 


Internet


Blogs, Wikis, Podcasts and other Powerful Web Tools for Classrooms


 


 


by Will Richardson, Corwin Press, Thousand Oaks, CA, Copyright 2006, ISBN 1-4129-2767-6


Internet Safety


Staying Safe in a Wired World: a Parent’s Guide to Internet Safety


 


 


by Rob Nickel, Nickel Publishing, Cambridge, ON. Copyright 2006, ISBN 0-9780082-0-0